{"product_id":"thymosin-alpha-1","title":"Thymosin Alpha-1 (10mg)","description":"\u003cp\u003e# Thymosin Alpha-1 - Immunomodulatory Research Peptide\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW\u003cbr\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino acid peptide originally isolated from thymosin fraction 5, a thymic hormone preparation. This immunomodulatory peptide has been extensively studied for its effects on T-cell maturation, immune system regulation, inflammation modulation, and antiviral responses. Tα1 is used as a pharmaceutical in some countries and serves as a valuable research tool in immunology.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## RESEARCH APPLICATIONS\u003cbr\u003eScientific investigations have explored Tα1 for:\u003cbr\u003e- T-cell differentiation and maturation research\u003cbr\u003e- Th1\/Th2 immune balance studies\u003cbr\u003e- Dendritic cell activation and function\u003cbr\u003e- Cytokine production and immune signaling analysis\u003cbr\u003e- Antiviral immune response mechanisms (Hepatitis B\/C, HIV research models)\u003cbr\u003e- Cancer immunotherapy research (melanoma, lung cancer models)\u003cbr\u003e- Vaccine adjuvant potential studies\u003cbr\u003e- Sepsis and systemic inflammation models\u003cbr\u003e- Immunosenescence and aging immunity research\u003cbr\u003e- Autoimmune disease mechanism studies\u003cbr\u003e- Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS\u003cbr\u003e- **Purity:** ≥98% (HPLC Verified)\u003cbr\u003e- **Form:** Sterile Lyophilized White Powder\u003cbr\u003e- **Sequence:** 28 amino acids (Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH)\u003cbr\u003e- **Molecular Formula:** C₁₂₉H₂₁₅N₃₃O₅₅\u003cbr\u003e- **Molecular Weight:** 3,108.3 Da\u003cbr\u003e- **CAS Number:** 62304-98-7\u003cbr\u003e- **Appearance:** White lyophilized powder\u003cbr\u003e- **Solubility:** Water-soluble\u003cbr\u003e- **N-terminal:** Acetylated serine\u003cbr\u003e- **Storage:** -20°C (freezer), protected from light\u003cbr\u003e- **Shelf Life:** 36 months frozen; 30 days reconstituted at 2-8°C\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## QUALITY VERIFICATION\u003cbr\u003e✓ RP-HPLC purity ≥98%  \u003cbr\u003e✓ Mass spectrometry confirmation (ESI-MS or MALDI-TOF)  \u003cbr\u003e✓ Amino acid sequencing verification  \u003cbr\u003e✓ N-terminal acetylation confirmation  \u003cbr\u003e✓ Peptide content assay (≥85%)  \u003cbr\u003e✓ Endotoxin: \u0026lt;0.1 EU\/mg (critical for immune research)  \u003cbr\u003e✓ Sterility testing (USP \u0026lt;71\u0026gt;)  \u003cbr\u003e✓ pH: 6.0-8.0 (reconstituted)  \u003cbr\u003e✓ Bioassay (T-cell assay optional)  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## MECHANISM OF ACTION (Research Context)\u003cbr\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 modulates multiple immune pathways:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**T-Cell Modulation:**\u003cbr\u003e- Enhances T-cell maturation in thymus\u003cbr\u003e- Promotes CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell differentiation\u003cbr\u003e- Increases T-cell receptor expression\u003cbr\u003e- Modulates T-cell cytokine production\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Cytokine Regulation:**\u003cbr\u003e- Increases IL-2 production (T-cell growth factor)\u003cbr\u003e- Enhances IFN-γ (Th1 response)\u003cbr\u003e- Modulates IL-10 and other regulatory cytokines\u003cbr\u003e- Affects TNF-α production\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Dendritic Cell Activation:**\u003cbr\u003e- Promotes dendritic cell maturation\u003cbr\u003e- Enhances antigen presentation\u003cbr\u003e- Increases MHC class II expression\u003cbr\u003e- Affects co-stimulatory molecule expression (CD80, CD86)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Toll-Like Receptor Signaling:**\u003cbr\u003e- Modulates TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 expression\u003cbr\u003e- Affects MyD88-dependent pathways\u003cbr\u003e- Influences NF-κB activation\u003cbr\u003e- Modulates inflammasome activity\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Antiviral Effects:**\u003cbr\u003e- Enhances type I interferon responses\u003cbr\u003e- Improves NK cell activity\u003cbr\u003e- Boosts antiviral T-cell responses\u003cbr\u003e- Synergizes with antiviral medications (HBV, HCV research)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Immune Homeostasis:**\u003cbr\u003e- Restores immune function in immunosenescence\u003cbr\u003e- Balances Th1\/Th2 responses\u003cbr\u003e- May affect regulatory T-cell (Treg) function\u003cbr\u003e- Modulates oxidative stress in immune cells\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## CLINICAL \u0026amp; RESEARCH BACKGROUND\u003cbr\u003e- **1972:** First isolated from thymus gland (Goldstein lab)\u003cbr\u003e- **1977:** Sequence determined, synthetic production achieved\u003cbr\u003e- **1980s:** Immunological effects characterized\u003cbr\u003e- **1990s-2000s:** Clinical trials for hepatitis, cancer, sepsis\u003cbr\u003e- **2003:** Approved in several countries (Thymalfasin®\/Zadaxin®)\u003cbr\u003e- **2010s+:** Aging immunity, COVID-19 research interest\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver 500 published studies including preclinical and clinical research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## PHARMACEUTICAL STATUS\u003cbr\u003e**Thymalfasin (Zadaxin):**\u003cbr\u003e- Approved in 35+ countries (not USA)\u003cbr\u003e- Indications: Hepatitis B\/C (some countries), immune deficiency\u003cbr\u003e- Used as adjuvant therapy in cancer and infections\u003cbr\u003e- Well-characterized safety profile from clinical use\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research-grade product is for laboratory investigation, not pharmaceutical use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## RESEARCH MODELS\u003cbr\u003eTα1 has been studied in:\u003cbr\u003e- **Cell culture:** T-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells\u003cbr\u003e- **Mice:** Tumor models, infection models, autoimmune disease\u003cbr\u003e- **Rats:** Sepsis, aging, immune dysfunction\u003cbr\u003e- **Ex vivo:** Human PBMCs, tissue cultures\u003cbr\u003e- **Clinical trials:** Hepatitis, cancer, sepsis, immunodeficiency\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## IMMUNOTHERAPY RESEARCH\u003cbr\u003e**Cancer Models:**\u003cbr\u003e- Melanoma (combination with IL-2, IFN-α)\u003cbr\u003e- Lung cancer (NSCLC research)\u003cbr\u003e- Hepatocellular carcinoma\u003cbr\u003e- Mechanism: Enhanced anti-tumor immunity, DC activation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Infectious Disease:**\u003cbr\u003e- Chronic Hepatitis B and C (immune restoration)\u003cbr\u003e- HIV (adjunct to antiretroviral therapy research)\u003cbr\u003e- Sepsis (immune dysfunction correction)\u003cbr\u003e- COVID-19 (recent research interest)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## RECONSTITUTION PROTOCOL\u003cbr\u003e1. Allow vial to reach room temperature (prevent condensation)\u003cbr\u003e2. Use sterile water, bacteriostatic water, or PBS\u003cbr\u003e3. Typical concentration: 0.5-2.0 mg\/mL for research\u003cbr\u003e4. Add diluent slowly down vial wall\u003cbr\u003e5. Swirl gently in circular motion (do not shake vigorously)\u003cbr\u003e6. Allow 3-5 minutes for complete dissolution\u003cbr\u003e7. Solution should be clear and colorless\u003cbr\u003e8. pH should be approximately 6.5-7.5\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## STABILITY DATA\u003cbr\u003e- **Lyophilized powder:** 36+ months at -20°C\u003cbr\u003e- **Refrigerated powder (2-8°C):** 12 months\u003cbr\u003e- **Room temperature (sealed):** 30 days\u003cbr\u003e- **Reconstituted:** 30 days at 2-8°C with bacteriostatic water\u003cbr\u003e- **pH stability:** Most stable pH 6-8\u003cbr\u003e- **Light:** Minimal photosensitivity, but protect from direct light\u003cbr\u003e- **Freeze-thaw:** Minimize cycles; aliquot for single use\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## RESEARCH DOSING CONTEXT\u003cbr\u003e**Cell culture (in vitro):**\u003cbr\u003e- Typical: 0.1-10 μg\/mL\u003cbr\u003e- T-cell assays: 1-5 μg\/mL common\u003cbr\u003e- Dendritic cell activation: 1-10 μg\/mL\u003cbr\u003e- Duration: 24-72 hours typical\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Animal models (in vivo):**\u003cbr\u003e- **Mice:** 50-400 μg\/kg (SC, IP)\u003cbr\u003e- **Rats:** 100-1000 μg\/kg\u003cbr\u003e- **Frequency:** Daily to 3x per week\u003cbr\u003e- **Duration:** Days to weeks depending on model\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Human clinical studies (for reference):**\u003cbr\u003e- 0.8-3.2 mg per dose (SC)\u003cbr\u003e- Typically 1.6 mg twice weekly\u003cbr\u003e- Duration: Weeks to months\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsult specific publications for detailed protocols.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## BIOASSAY \u0026amp; ACTIVITY VERIFICATION\u003cbr\u003eTα1 biological activity can be assessed via:\u003cbr\u003e- **T-cell proliferation assays:** Mitogen-stimulated PBMC proliferation\u003cbr\u003e- **Cytokine production:** IL-2, IFN-γ ELISA from treated cells\u003cbr\u003e- **Flow cytometry:** T-cell subset analysis (CD4+, CD8+, activation markers)\u003cbr\u003e- **Dendritic cell maturation:** CD80, CD86, MHC II expression\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## COMPARATIVE IMMUNOMODULATORS\u003cbr\u003e**vs. Thymosin Beta-4:** Different peptide, tissue repair focus (not immune)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**vs. IL-2:** Direct cytokine vs. immunomodulator (different potency\/toxicity)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**vs. Imiquimod:** TLR7 agonist (different mechanism)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**vs. Beta-glucans:** Innate immunity (macrophage\/complement activation)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**vs. Thymic peptides (thymulin, thymopoietin):** Related thymic hormones, distinct sequences\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## COMBINATION RESEARCH\u003cbr\u003ePublished studies explore Tα1 combined with:\u003cbr\u003e- **Chemotherapy:** Enhanced immune function during cancer treatment\u003cbr\u003e- **Antivirals:** Synergistic effects in HBV\/HCV\u003cbr\u003e- **Vaccines:** Adjuvant properties (improved antibody responses)\u003cbr\u003e- **Other immunotherapies:** IL-2, IFN-α combinations\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## HANDLING \u0026amp; STORAGE\u003cbr\u003e- Store powder at -20°C in original sealed, desiccated vial\u003cbr\u003e- Protect from light (use amber vials or foil wrap)\u003cbr\u003e- Use strict sterile technique (immunological research sensitivity)\u003cbr\u003e- Work in biosafety cabinet for cell culture applications\u003cbr\u003e- Wear appropriate PPE (gloves, lab coat, eye protection)\u003cbr\u003e- Aliquot reconstituted solutions for single-use\u003cbr\u003e- Dispose according to institutional biohazard protocols\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## ENDOTOXIN CONSIDERATIONS\u003cbr\u003e**Critical for immune research:**\u003cbr\u003e- Endotoxin (LPS) is potent immune activator\u003cbr\u003e- Can confound Tα1 immunological effects\u003cbr\u003e- This product tested for low endotoxin (\u0026lt;0.1 EU\/mg)\u003cbr\u003e- Use endotoxin-free water and sterile technique\u003cbr\u003e- Test experimental samples for endotoxin contamination when possible\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## REGULATORY STATUS\u003cbr\u003e**USA:** Not FDA-approved; research chemical  \u003cbr\u003e**Europe:** Not EMA-approved; research use  \u003cbr\u003e**Asia:** Approved pharmaceutical in China, South Korea, others (Thymalfasin)  \u003cbr\u003e**Russia:** Approved pharmaceutical  \u003cbr\u003e**Other:** Approved in ~35 countries for specific indications\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis product is research-grade, not pharmaceutical-grade for human use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e## FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY\u003cbr\u003eThis product is intended strictly for in-vitro research and laboratory animal studies. Not for human consumption or clinical use. Not a pharmaceutical product, immune supplement, or therapeutic agent. Requires institutional oversight, biosafety level-appropriate handling, and appropriate animal research approvals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e---\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**DISCLAIMER:** By purchasing, you certify you are a qualified immunologist or researcher conducting legitimate scientific investigation. Purchaser assumes all responsibility for sterile handling, endotoxin-free technique, compliance with institutional biosafety protocols (BSL-1 or BSL-2 as appropriate), animal research ethics requirements, and applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Halo Labs","offers":[{"title":"Standard","offer_id":42975181668561,"sku":null,"price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0668\/4511\/4577\/files\/ghk-cu__11_-removebg-preview.png?v=1771451392","url":"https:\/\/halolabs.us\/products\/thymosin-alpha-1","provider":"Halo Labs","version":"1.0","type":"link"}